Before laboratories, stables held the answers.
In the late nineteenth century, when cities feared diseases that struck without warning, some of the most advanced medical facilities did not resemble hospitals at all. They resembled barns. Behind brick research institutes in Paris, Berlin, and New York stood rows of stalls housing animals whose blood would become medicine. Few people today realize how deeply modern immunology depended on them. The story begins not in a sterile lab, but in hooves on cobblestone.
